Woodstock Music Festival :: essays research papers

WoodStock music festival, took place near Woodstock New York, on August 15, 16, and17, 1969, and became a symbol of the 1960s American counterculture and amilestone in the were lots referred to as hippies and who characteristically rejectedhartred and authority, protested against the Vietnam War, supported the civil rightsmovement, dressed differently, and experimented with depend upon and illegal use of drugs.Woodstock began by four partners Michael Lang, the manager of a inclination band,Artie Kronfeld, an executive at Capitol Records, and two capitalists, John Roberts andJoel Rosenman. Their original plan had been to build a recording studio in Woodstock, asmall town in the Catskill Mountains that had become a careen center when musician BobDylan and a rock group called the Band settled there. To scrambleout the word the fourpartners decided to necessitate a concert, which they called WoodStock Music and Art Fair.The festival was expected to attract 50,000 to 100,000 people . After a long search fora large enough space, the partners eventually rented a plain from a local dairy farmer,Max Yasgur, who owned land about 48miles from Woodstock, in the town of Bethel.Early in the week before the festival, it became edify that the event as going todraw a much larger audience than expected. By the day before the official opening, trafficjams miles long bar most roads leading to the area. On Friday, August 15, when thefestival began, its management was ineffective to watch the estimated 400,000 or morepeople coming into and out of the field and decided to end admission fees. Sweetwater, theband scheduled to open the festival, could not get to the site because of the traffic, sofolksinger Richie Havens, who was already there, began the festival instead. As a payoffof the audience size, volunteers from inside and out helped with any possible problemsWoodstock Music Festival essays inquiry papers WoodStock music festival, took place near Woodstock New Y ork, on August 15, 16, and17, 1969, and became a symbol of the 1960s American counterculture and amilestone in the were often referred to as hippies and who characteristically rejectedhartred and authority, protested against the Vietnam War, supported the civil rightsmovement, dressed differently, and experimented with sex and illegal use of drugs.Woodstock began by four partners Michael Lang, the manager of a rock band,Artie Kronfeld, an executive at Capitol Records, and two capitalists, John Roberts andJoel Rosenman. Their original plan had been to build a recording studio in Woodstock, asmall town in the Catskill Mountains that had become a rock center when musician BobDylan and a rock group called the Band settled there. To getout the word the fourpartners decided to have a concert, which they called WoodStock Music and Art Fair.The festival was expected to attract 50,000 to 100,000 people. After a long search fora large enough space, the partners eventually rented a field from a local dairy farmer,Max Yasgur, who owned land about 48miles from Woodstock, in the town of Bethel.Early in the week before the festival, it became clear that the event as going todraw a much larger audience than expected. By the day before the official opening, trafficjams miles long blocked most roads leading to the area. On Friday, August 15, when thefestival began, its management was unable to watch the estimated 400,000 or morepeople coming into and out of the field and decided to end admission fees. Sweetwater, theband scheduled to open the festival, could not get to the site because of the traffic, sofolksinger Richie Havens, who was already there, began the festival instead. As a resultof the audience size, volunteers from inside and out helped with any possible problems

Origins And History Of The Dulcimer :: essays research papers

Origins and History of The DulcimerThe dulcimer is a member of the string family. It is further categorized intothe Psaltrey family, a group of instruments that are comprised of stringsstretched across a frame and play by plucking or drumming. The onlydifference, in fact, between the dulcimer and the psaltrey is the fact that oneis plucked and the other is drummed. The dulcimer family is divided into twosections. The dulcimers with keys and dulcimers without keys. A dulcimer withkeys would be played by depressing a key which would move a mechanism that wouldcause a hammer to strike the string. The most improved instrument in the identifydulcimer section is the piano. Dulcimers that are played without the aid of akey are usually in the unusual shape of a trapezoid. Early descriptions of thisinstrument, dating stomach to the Middle Ages, describe the instrument as arectangular box with strings stretched over two bridges. Both the single and thedouble bridged dulcimers are usual in t raditional Irish music. It is played bystriking the strings with padded wooden hammer.It is commonly believed that the dulcimer came to Europe from the East sometimein the fifteenth century. This cannot be true. The dulcimer is closely relatedto the yang chin from China. However, the yang chin was introduced to theChinese around 1800. A similar traditional dulcimer found its way to Korea inabout 1725. The dulcimer originated as the santir in what is right away Iraq from aGreek instrument, the psalterion. The santir was a trapeziodal box covered withstrings. It was played by striking the strings with light sticks. From therethe Arabs carried the santir through North Africa where it was integrated intothe Judaic culture. From North Africa it was taken to Spain, for a carving wasdiscovered in the cathedral Santiago de Compostela, dated 1184. It is unknownwhy the Irish make mention of the timpan, a generic term for any member of thepsaltrey family, being used by St. Patrick in the 6th century, six hundred historic periodearlier than the dulcimers first initiation into Spain from North Africa.Dulcimers gained popularity from the churches and cathedrals throughout the 14thcentury. But in the 16th century, as the violin and wind instruments becameincreasingly fashionable, the dulcimer virtually disappeared. For the next twohundred years it went unnoticed. In 1705 Pantaleon Hebenstreit presented theFrench King Louis XIV with a slightly revised dulcimer.

Shaking Baby Syndrome Essay -- essays research papers

Shaken Baby SyndromeImagine yourself as a sweet, innocent, precious little cosset. You are totally dependant upon adults to give you what you need and most importantly love. Your only means of communication is crying so you cry when you need to be fed, when you need your diaper changed, when you arent feeling so well, or when you retributive want some attention. You are crying and someone comes over to you. They pick you up, but instead of holding you and comforting you, talking affectionately to you, they shake you violently and vigorously. You are a baby, imagine the fear and pain that the vibe causes you. This is a form of child abuse and what is even harder to believe is that it actually happens. The correct shape is Shaken Baby Syndrome and it is a form of abuse that is happening far and wide.What exactly is Shaking Baby Syndrome? Shaken Baby Syndrome is a serious sensation injury that glide bys when adults, frustrated and angry with children, shake then violently, and Sh aken Baby Syndrome mostly occurs when a child receives numerous rapid shakes. It buns also occur when a baby is slammed against a hard object head impact is not necessary but does frequently occur. Shaken Baby Syndrome occurs frequently in infants younger than six months old, yet can occur up to the age of 5. (Showers, 1997.) In reality, shaking a baby if only for a few seconds can injure the baby for life.Often frustrated parents or other persons responsible for a childs care feel that shaking a baby is a harmless way to make a child stop crying. The number one reason why a baby is shaken is because of dingy crying. (National Exchange Club Foundation, 1998) An infant may spend two to three hours a day crying. (The Epilepsy Association of Central Florida) A caregiver momentarily gives in to the frustration of responding to a crying baby by shaking. Caregivers may be inadequately prepared for children.Why is shaking a baby so spartan? A babys head and neck are especially vulnerabl e to injury because the head is so large and the neck muscles are dummy up weak. A babys neck is to weak to support their heavy head so when the baby is shaken the heads swings back and forth. In addition, the babys brain and blood vessels are very fragile and easily damaged by whiplash mo... ...n a coma, being in a vegetative state, and the worst, death. wiz in every four babies shaken dies. The rest have to deal with the injuries and symptoms that will affect the rest of their innocent lives. Twenty five to thirty share of babies shaken die (National Shaken Baby Syndrome). Immediate medical attention can help reduce the impact of shaking, but many children are go forth with permanent damage from the shaking. The treatment of survivors falls into 3 major categories. Those categories are medical, behavioral, and educational. In addition to medical care, children may need speech and language therapy, heap therapy, physical therapy, occupational therapy, and special education se rvices. (Showers, 1997) Many incidents of Shaken Baby Syndrome are not reported out of fear. It is important to seek immediate and ahead of time medical attention. Serious complications and even death can be avoided.Exactly how much force is needed to cause injuries? No firm answer exists as to the exact number of shakes necessary or how long a person might typically shake a child. In most cases the period of shaking is 5-10 seconds. (National Center on Shaken Baby Syndrome) To cause brain damage, severe

Identifying DNA Abnormalities Through Genetic Testing Essay -- presymp

Genetic testing involves examining an various(prenominal)s DNA and identifying abnormalities within the chemical makeup of limited structures. It, essentially, maps the persons genome and potbelly be interpreted to predict future issues. By analyzing the chromosome, genes, and even certain proteins, physicians and re pursuiters can find changes that lead to inheritable disorders. These changes can lead to possible diagnosis or cure for the disorder in question. In most cases, genetic testing is use to fall the probability that an individual will develop a certain disorder. It is not used to specifically diagnose a disorder, as there are no techniques that are one hundred% accurate. Genetic testing techniques do give good evidence to confirm a physicians findings, exactly it is not the first act a physician takes to diagnose a disorder. It can narrow a search or rule out a specific disorder very confidently, but making a diagnosis based solely on genetic testing is not an action that a qualified medical professional would consider. in that respect are many types of genetic tests that are administered to the adult population. The more commonly used genetic tests are paternity tests, genealogical tests, and forensic testing. They are kinda self-explanatory paternity tests are to determine relatedness of 2 subjects, genealogical tests are used to formulate a heritage or ancestry, and forensic testing is used to identify or rule out a person that has been charged with a crime. Other genetic tests include presymptomatic testing, used to determine the jeopardy someone has to developing a genetic disorder, diagnostic screening, used to rule out or identify a suspected condition, and carrier screening, used to determine if an individual carries one copy of a gene mutati... ...sts? Genetics Home Reference. Retrieved April 24, 2014, from http//ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/testing/uses2.NOVA. (2012). Cracking Your Genetic Code USA Public transmit Service.3.Heart, Lun g, and Blood Institute. (2012, September 28). What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Sickle Cell Anemia? NHLBI, NIH. Retrieved April 30, 2014, from https//www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/sca/signs.html4.Hamosh, A. (1999, June 13). OMIM Entry - 603903 - SICKLE CELL ANEMIA. OMIM Entry - 603903 - SICKLE CELL ANEMIA. Retrieved April 26, 2014, from http//www.omim.org/entry/603903?search=sickle%20cell%20anemia&highlight=cell%20anemia%20anaemia%20sickle5.National Library of Medicine. (2014, April 28). What are the risks and limitations of genetic testing? Genetics Home Reference. Retrieved April 24, 2014, http//ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/testing/riskslimitations

francis of assisi Essay -- essays research papers

Francis of Assisi was a poor man who astounded and inspired the Church by taking the gospel literallynot in a take fundamentalist sense, but by actually following all that Jesus said and did, joyfully, without limit and without a mite of self-importance. Francis was famous for his love of all creation. He called for simplimetropolis of life, poverty, and humility before God. He worked to care for the poor. Thousands were drawn to his sincerity, piety, and joy. In all his actions, Francis sought to follow fully and literally the way of life exhibit by Christ in the Gospels. My report is going to discuss the life and contributions of St. Francis of Assisi.Francis of Assisi lived about eight hundred geezerhood ago. He was born in the city of Assisi, Italy, in 1182. He was the son of Peter Bernard cardinal (A wealthy merchant) and Madonna Pica. His father sold spices and fabrics and was often out of town on business. While Peter Bernardone was change of location in Provence on busin ess, Madonna Pica gave birth to his son. Far from being excited or apologetic because hed been gone, Pietro was furious because shed had his new son baptized Giovanni subsequently John the Baptist. The last thing Pietro wanted in his son was a man of God -- he wanted a man of business, a material merchant like he was, and he especially wanted a son Francesco -- which is the equivalent of calling him Frenchman. Francis spent a happy childhood under(a) the watchful eye of Madonna Pica and the attention heaped on him by his father, who was certain that Francis would follow him in the merchant business. His strict education and healthy chaste upbringing gave everything he did a sense of balance. Francis enjoyed a very rich easy life growing up because of his fathers wealth and the permissiveness of the times. From the beginning everyone love Francis. He was constantly happy, charming, and a born leader. If he was picky, people excused him. If he was ill, people took care of him. If he was so much of a wishful thinker he did poorly in school, no one minded. In many ways he was too easy to like for his own good. No one tried to control him or teach him. As he grew up, Francis became the leader of a crowd of young people who spent their nights in wild parties. Francis himself said, "I lived in sin" during that time. Francis fulfilled every hope of Pietros, and despite his dreaming, Francis was also good at busin... ...tous. Perceiving that he had come to the end of his days, he asked to be brought to the Porziuncola, in Santa Maria degli Angeli, the place from which his message was spread. During the last geezerhood of his relatively short life (he died at 45) he was half blind and seriously ill. Two years before his death, he received the stigmata, the real and painful wounds of Christ in his hands, feet and side. On his deathbed, he said over and over again the last admittance to his Canticle of the Sun, "Be praised, O Lord, for our Sister Death ." He sang Psalm 141, and at the end asked his superior to have his clothes removed when the last hour came and for permit to expire lying naked on the earth, in imitation of his Lord. Francis final years were filled with suffering as well as humiliation. When he began to go blind, the pope ordered that his eyes be operated on. This meant cauterizing his face with a hot iron.Francis never recovered from this illness. He died on October 4, 1226 at the age of 45. Two years later, on July 16th, he was canonized a saint by Pope Gregory IX. Francis is considered the founder of all Franciscan orders and the patron saint of ecologists and merchants.

francis of assisi Essay -- essays research papers

Francis of Assisi was a poor man who astounded and inspired the Church by taking the gospel literallynot in a narrow fundamentalist sense, but by actually detecting all that Jesus verbalise and did, joyfully, with stunned limit and without a mite of self-importance. Francis was famous for his love of all creation. He called for simplicity of life, poverty, and humility before God. He worked to assist for the poor. Thousands were drawn to his sincerity, piety, and joy. In all his actions, Francis sought to follow fully and literally the way of life demonstrated by Christ in the Gospels. My report is going to discuss the life and contributions of St. Francis of Assisi.Francis of Assisi lived about eight cytosine years ago. He was born in the city of Assisi, Italy, in 1182. He was the son of Peter Bernardone (A wealthy merchant) and Madonna Pica. His father sold spices and fabrics and was often out of town on business. While Peter Bernardone was traveling in Provence on business, M adonna Pica gave birth to his son. Far from being excited or excusatory because hed been gone, Pietro was furious because shed had his new son baptized Giovanni after John the Baptist. The last thing Pietro wanted in his son was a man of God -- he wanted a man of business, a cloth merchant like he was, and he especially wanted a son Francesco -- which is the equivalent of commerce him Frenchman. Francis spent a happy childhood under the watchful eye of Madonna Pica and the attention heaped on him by his father, who was certain that Francis would follow him in the merchant business. His strict education and healthy moral upbringing gave everything he did a sense of balance. Francis enjoyed a very rich easy life maturement up because of his fathers wealth and the permissiveness of the times. From the beginning everyone loved Francis. He was constantly happy, charming, and a born leader. If he was picky, people excused him. If he was ill, people excessivelyk care of him. If he was s o much of a dreamer he did poorly in school, no one minded. In many ways he was too easy to like for his own good. No one tried to control him or teach him. As he grew up, Francis became the leader of a crowd of preadolescent people who spent their nights in wild parties. Francis himself said, "I lived in sin" during that time. Francis fulfilled every hope of Pietros, and despite his dreaming, Francis was also good at busin... ...tous. Perceiving that he had come to the end of his days, he asked to be brought to the Porziuncola, in Santa Maria degli Angeli, the place from which his message was spread. During the last years of his relatively short life (he died at 45) he was half blind and seriously ill. Two years before his death, he received the stigmata, the real and painful wounds of Christ in his hands, feet and side. On his deathbed, he said over and over again the last addition to his Canticle of the Sun, "Be praised, O Lord, for our Sister Death." He sang Ps alm 141, and at the end asked his superior to charter his clothes removed when the last hour came and for permission to expire lying naked on the earth, in imitation of his Lord. Francis final years were filled with scummy as well as humiliation. When he began to go blind, the pope ordered that his eyes be operated on. This meant cauterizing his face with a hot iron.Francis never recovered from this illness. He died on October 4, 1226 at the age of 45. Two years later, on July 16th, he was canonized a saint by Pope Gregory IX. Francis is considered the founder of all Franciscan orders and the patron saint of ecologists and merchants.

Specific Heat

Introduction Specific warmheartedness is defined as the measure of the ability of a substance to change temperature. Specific rage of a substance is the heat needed to change the temperature of 1 gram of a substance once degree Celsius. The more Joules (unit of heat) needed, the higher the specific heat will be. The goal is to determine specific heat of a flat coat sample as compared to pissing. This difference has many ramifications regarding our climate, with local and global. HypothesisI predict that after 10 minutes of being placed under the same heat lamp, the soil will absorb heat faster, therefore ending with a higher temperature than the water. Materials 2 petri dishes Soil Water 2 thermometers Heat lamp Procedure 1. Design lab tables. 2. Record mass of petri dish and then add enough soil to use up it to the brim. Record mass again. The difference is the mass of the soil sample. 3. Record the mass of another petri dish and fill it with water. Record the mass again. The d ifference is the mass of the water. . redact the thermometers so that the bulb of one is beneath the surface of the soil and the bulb of the other is under the water. 5. Place both samples under a heat lamp, make sure the thermometers stay under the samples. Bring the lamp close to the petri dishes so that they are heated equally. 6. Record the temperature of each thermometer every 30 seconds, for 10 minutes. 7. Graph your temperature selective information on the same set of coordinates. Data Tables Mass and Temperature Data SoilWater Mass of Petri Dish and Material223. 1g171. g Mass of Petri Dish Empty16g16g Mass of Material207. 1g155. 4g Initial Temperature23C24C terminal Temperature25. 5C25C Temperature Readings SoilWaterSoilWater 123C24C1124C25C 223C24C1224C25C 323C24C1324C25C 423C24C1424. 25C25C 523C24C1524. 5C25C 623. 5C24. 5C1624. 75C25C 723. 5C24. 5C1725C25C 823. 5C24. 75C1825C25C 923. 75C25C1925. 25C25C 1024C25C2025. 5C25C Graphs Results Over the course of 10 minutes, th e sample of soil change magnitude from 23 degrees Celsius to 25. 5 degrees Celsius.On the other hand, the water sample increased only 1 degree over the course of 4 minutes. The remaining 6 minutes, the soil leveled out at a temperature of 25 degrees. While the soil continued to heat up at a relatively fast rate, the water do very small increments of progress and eventually made no advancement heating. Conclusion The hypothesis predicting that soil will absorb more heat than the water has been proven correct by the recorded data. My results showed that the temperature of the soil sample increased 2. 5 degrees Celsius, while the water only raised one degree.

Did the New Deal Prolong the Great Depression?

Did the tender Deal Prolong the Great Depression? Yes Burton W. Folsom, Jr. * The Cabinet head had personal connections with the President. make him bias towards FDRs ideas * Unemployment was higher in 1939 than in 1931 after hoover left office * Govt went from running a surplus to a deficit * seven-spot Years of trade deficits cursed American GDP over the span of the New Deal * Welfare and Social Security kept lazy battalion lazy and made hard laping people take pay cuts * The economy is self regulating and self healing it would set out fixed itself in time(not 12 years though) * IT was Constraints School The US economy was in a nose-dive for the first 6 years of FDRs presidency, but he kept the diethyl ether up and promised progress * Roosevelt Raised taxes across the board Sounds familiar to what is issue on now damn Obama * If the war did not come about, FDR would not have lasted the 4 terms. NO Roger Biles * FDR believed Taking a method and trying it until it worked or di dnt. It it did, then keep doing it if it didnt admit that defeat and try something else. He apply the Federal Govt to help regulate the economy(kind of like genetically engineering which also doesnt work 100% of the time) * Unemployment decreased over the first 5 years of FDRs presidency * The FDIC insured everyones money that is in the bank which is something that the US needed in 1929 * FDR created hope for everyone with Social Security, Welfare and segmentation 8 housing * He created the US postal service, rural electrification act, and rural mail act * Roosevelt changed the form of Govt in a short 12 years * He created Wealth Tax (sounds familiar AGAIN which affected Very few taxpayers * He then Repealed the Wealth Tax because it didnt work FDRs new deal was a great idea in theory(so is Marxism), but wasnt the best idea for the time. What he did is kind of what we are going through today Promising change but not saying when, Increasing taxes and hoping it will help your defici t, and tried to intervene with the self regulating economy. The New Deal DID work, but only because WWII brought the need for production back to America without that, the New Deal would have taked much much longer to work.

Capitalism Is Not the Best Route of Happiness Essay

For example, US. In the US, the shares of earnings and wealth of the households in the top 1 percent of the corresponding distributions are 15 percent and 30 percent, respectively. As a result of implementing Capitalism, there is a big range of wealth between the rich and distressing people. The rich pass on become richer, the poor will become poorer. As much(prenominal) a negative situation occurs, the crime rate in such awkward will be higher(prenominal). When a country is implementing capitalism, the government have no right to intervene in the free market.When such a situation happened, who are going to help those who are poor? The free market will be monopolized by those rich people. For the poor, they have no modal, no resources, no power, and no ability to compete in such an unfair market. How are they going to compete? Even if they owned the ability, the qualification, but they have no the fundamental term to fight with rich people that is money. In a free market, when y ou are rich, you will only become richer as u have a lots of money and resources to invest into.For the poor, they are non the one who demands how much salary from employer, but they are the one who are looking for how much the employer willing to pay them. As a result, they are oblige to accept low wages in order to survive. The paid they get, not worth the effort they pay out. Normally, the wages they get, only enough to support their canonic cost of living. As a result, They have no extra modal to help them to grow and to expand their ability. The low wages also influence purchasing power. As a result, poverty rate will be higher.Some critique argues that the allocation of resources in capitalism is inefficient. For example, in 1995, around 200 zillion of Indians faced the problem of hunger. In the same year, India economy had merchandiseed around $ 625 million of wheat and $ 1. 3 million of rice. In this case, Indian economy is able to export food worth around $ 650 millio n, but its citizen faced the problem of hunger. Why not the economy allocates those foods to its citizen? Its because of in capitalism, the property and resources is totally owned by private parties. They have the right to use the resources to maximize their profit.Its their right and freedom to overlook the problem around them that may stop them to achieve higher profit. There is also an unfair working condition in workplace. Those labors have to work for 14 hours per day. Why are these labors forced to accept such unfair working condition? Without this job opportunity, they are unable to live their life. The owner of resources in capitalism does not work, and exploit its worker. In such situation, its exploiting gentle right. We are all human, have the equal right to live in this world and share the resources together.

Banking and Finance Article Summary

Yu-Chen Lin 1521007128 Sec 5351 Reading Article Taxes Everyone should knuckle under the taxes when they start to working, properly no one want to pay the taxes. In this article, it makes me know more intimately taxes, it show us many kinds of taxes. Mostly the countries are pay for two placed which are local government and central state. Property and income taxes are normally what we should have to pay. This also let us know some rules of taxation by Smith, these rules makes us know how and why they set to rule in fair(a) so make sure not many people will complain.Of course we know that if you earn more money you will have to pay more taxes. Its very fair and those taxes we pay for government are making us have a strong and great country to live. Home-Owning and field of operations expense In this article, it talks about buying the house and selling. As we know buying a house is not easy, sometime we need to seize money from the bank and loan. Some people are using buying and selling house as a business.Related essay Herbert Simon Proverbs of Administration SummaryWhen the price of house is booming meaning that the price of the house will be going up, the easy way to know the price of house is high or not by looking at the economic of the country. So when we going to buy the house, make sure that we are not buying the highest price or else when you going to sell it the price of the house will be very low. Economic is the most important thing that we have to see while we are going to buy a house. Unemployment Unemployment is a very serious problem that will occur in every country.There are many causas that could cause the unemployment, the master(prenominal) reason that will make the high unemployment is economic, and also GDP, inflation or interest rates are taking some parts of it. The article posit us that the definition of unemployment. Unemployment rates is mean that the percentage of people who dont have job. This can teach us know when unemploym ent rate growing and what we should do during the high unemployment rate. Environmental economic In this article is telling us about how Environmental could be very serious that will strike the economic.The climate change is the main reason for economic. Taking the example on the article because of the global warming, the sea level is rising which cause the scarf out, when its the flood will occur, its will really effect the country or cities economic growth. Another problem is Pollution, mostly no one care about the contaminant but the scientist has telling us we need to taking this problem serious now, because the global greenhouse gas is increasing about 15%20% per year. hold fast Markets In this article, it is talking about the bond marketplace.There are still many different kinds of bonds. The main reason that some of people choose the bond market its because the Bonds will makes you gets more interest back than the banks can give you, but its also have peril that you mig ht lose you money because of the some reason like interest rate. It also telling us the origins of bonds, Nathan Rothschild is the smart man that using the bonds and he because very rich, he has a great influence and renowned in Europe. After reading this article makes me know about the bond market and how does it work.

Common Stock Essay

Question 1.1. (TCO D) Which of the following statements concerning common stock and the investment banking process is NOT CORRECT?(a) The preemptive decently gives each existing common stockholder the right to purchase his or her proportionate share of a tonic stock issue.(b) If a firm sells 1,000,000 new shares of Class B stock, the transaction occurs in the primary market.(c) Listing a large firms stock is often considered to be beneficial to stockholders because the increases in liquidity and reputation probably outweigh the additional costs to the firm.(d) Stockholders have the right to elect the firms directors, who in turn select the officers who manage the business. If stockholders are dissatisfied with managements performance, an outside group may ask the stockholders to vote for it in an effort to take control of the business. This action is strained a tender offer.(e) The announcement of a large issue of new stock could cause the stock price to fall. This loss is called market pressure, and it is treated as a flotation cost because it is a cost to stockholders that is associated with the new issue. (Points 20)Answer d.Question 2.2. (TCO D) The City of Charleston issued $3,000,000 of eight percent coupon, 30-year, semiannual payment, tax-exempt muni bonds 10 age ago. The bonds had 10 years of call protection, but now the bonds can be called if the city chooses to do so. The call premium would be six percent of the grammatical case amount. smart 20-year, six percent, semiannual payment bonds can be sold at par, but flotation costs on this issue would be two percent of the amount of bonds sold. What is the net present value of the refunding? Note that cities pay no income taxes, hence taxes are not relevant.Answer aQuestion 3.3. (TCO D) New York Waste (NYW) is considering refunding a $50,000,000, annual payment, 14 percent coupon, 30-year bond issue that was issued five years ago. It has been amortizing $3 million of flotation costs on these bon ds everywhere their 30-year life. The company could sell a new issue of 25-year bonds at an annual interest rate of 11.67 percent in todays market. A call premium of 14 percent would be required to retire the old bonds, and flotation costs on the new issue would amount to $3 million. NYWs marginal tax rate is 40 percent. The new bonds would be issued whenthe old bonds are called.The amortization of flotation costs reduces taxes, and thus provides an annual cash flow. What entrust the net increase or decrease in the annual flotation cost tax savings be if refunding takes place?Answer c(a) $6,480(b) $7,200(c) $8,000(d) $8,800(e) $9,680 (Points 20)

Art Forgeries Essay

When one enters into an ruse museum, one would expect all of the pieces of fraud to be that of the pilot program. However, when an art lover does not know the difference between an original from a counterfeit, then they may have been fooled by both the museum and by the forger. No one terminate reli up to(p)ly look at a movie and distinctly know whether it is a high-risk piece of work or an original piece of work. artwork forgeries may instructm like an artificer write a well-known artisans work, but it depends on how one looks at a particular piece of art.There are multiple reasons as to why art forgeries can be seen as something positive in the artistic world. Crispin Sartwell arguees about Jerrold Levinsons definition of art from Levinsons article, Refining Art Historically, in the daybook of esthetics & Art Criticism of 1990. To Levinson, art is something that is made to be intended to be regarded as a work of art (Sartwell). Luise Morton and Thomas Foster discuss Nelson Goodmans definition of art from Languages of Art in journal of Aesthetics & Art Criticism of 1991.Goodman says that it is about how one looks at an original and a forged art depends on the way we look at it (Morton and Foster). Both Levinson and Goodman make good points because they are both saying that all depends on the persons perspective. Not everyone sees the same piece of art the same way another person does, so given a choice between an original or a forged piece of art, some may be adequate to(p) to tell the difference and some may not. The idea of having different perspectives on what is real art or what is not depends solely on an individual.Levinson and Goodman both see art by how the person intends it to be. According to Jonathon Keats who writes in The Daily Beast, art forgery helps take us out of our comfort zone, while the real art keeps us within our comfort zone. Keats writes that forgers credit their work to the original artist. In doing so, the artists wor k is more accessible to more people and that the artist who forged an original should be appreciated (Keats). Blake Gopnik writing in the New York quantify says that the forgers can make recreate art with their hands however, great art depends on the idea of the artist.The idea of the forger comes from the original artists, like Pollock and Rothko, set up procedures and ideas for making art (Gopnik). The forger is able to recreate a work of art because of the way a particular artist wanted their art to be seen. On the other hand, Ross Bowden writing in the daybook of Aesthetics & Art Criticism of 1999 about Alfred Lessings essay titled, What Is Wrong with a forgery? In Lessings essay, he disapproves of art forgery when talking culturally. Lessing believes that forgeries do not have that artistic integrity and lacks creativity.He continues to say that one can recreate an amazing artwork, but it will lack the imagination it takes to create the original piece of work (Bowden). Forg eries in the opinion of Lessing lack imagination and creativity, however, Gopnik and Keats see that an artist has the imagination and creativity to recreate a famous piece of work. If one lacks that imagination and creativity then they would not be able to brace away with forgery. These forgery artists are capable of pulling off century old paintings and able to sell them to museums as originals.That takes imagination and creativity. W. E. Kennick brings up in the Journal of Aesthetics & Art Criticism of 1985 that every transcript of an original piece of work is a forgery. Artists make their work in the dah of others, but inactive make it their own. One is not actually forging a real piece of art, much less than copying or imitating that persons style (Kennick). Gopnik also says that Andy Warhols works were sometimes made by him or sometimes made by his assistant. Warhol even attributed some of his work to other artists.An artist by the name of Marcel Duchamp made art out of bicy cle wheels, urinals, already made sculptures, and other reusable items. Duchamp encouraged others to do the same and copy his style (Gopnik). Every artist can imitate or copy someone elses work, although that artist who made the original work may no longer be alive, their work is still living on. Art forgeries can be looked at as some sort of crime because someone is recreating masterpieces and selling them to museums.However, if one stops to think about the fact that art forgeries are actually artists bringing masterpieces back, one would not think it was a crime. These artists are germinal enough to be able to recreate an artwork and give art lovers the feeling of having a masterpiece in their home or be able to look at it in a museum. Art forgeries are a lucrative past time for those who love art and want to be able to see their art in a museum. It is a win-win situation for both the artist and the art lovers.Works CitedBowden, Ross. What is wrong with an art forgery? An anthro pological perspective. Journal of Aesthetics & Art Criticism (1999) 333-343. Gopnik, Blake. In Praise of Art Forgeries . The New York Times 2 Novemeber 2013. Keats, Jonathon. Why Forgeries Are Great Art. The Daily Beast Kennick, W. E. Art and Inauthenticity. Journal of Aesthetics & Art Criticism (1985) 1-12. Morton, Luise H. and Thomas R. Foster. Goodman, Forgery, and the Aesthetic. Journal of Aesthetics & Art Criticism (1991) 155-159. Sartwell, Crispin. A Counter-Example to Levinsons Historical Theory of Art. Journal of Aesthetics & Art Criticism (1990) 157-158.

Culture’s will to copy Essay

Globalization process is viewed as a delegacy through which one can prove often in extremely idealized contour a account of oneself or culture that is observed as old or until now profligate but can lastly be realized through these new means, one can become what one thinks one truely is (even if one never was). What ability be trait of the Internet is that this realization is certainly expansive. Globalization process has an emancipator technology Internet that is indefensible as the morphologic design of the technology harbors an instinctive class prejudice and other shades of power entitlements.Computers argon intended and programmed by members of the elite culture and might come after their cultural orientations and biases. For example, the wordsmith and semantic skills requisite to solves computers do not put up the cultural orientations of several marginal electorates. As Laikwan Pang, Cultural Control in daybook said, Cultures will to copy is fuelled by the orbicul arization process, which drives the world to desire similar but unlike products, to acquire similar but different tastes. (Laikwan Pang, Cultural Control, p8).Globalization is as well redefining societies and restructuring society into new rebounds of kindly net thrashs. New standards and terms for private and proficient relationships are promising (Buck 1996 Gates 1995 Baym 1995). The capital of the United Kingdom Times (June 17, 1996) stated People in every kinds of career categories need to recognize how to phthisis this tool so as to get ahead scratch line now. Admittance to the schooling freeway might establish to be less a question of dispensation or position than one of the fundamental capability to function in a democratic society.Admittance to the cyberspace might very well establish how well people are knowledgeable, the type of job they last get, and how they are retrained if they mislay their job, how ofttimes access they set out to their government and how they will be taught about important issues concerning them and the country. (Ratan 1995 25) Moreover, international media is not repressed by the immanent biases apparent in sexism, racism, and classism establish in face-to-face encounters. As a substitute, the global media presents a discussion that supports broad partaking and underlines merit over class.Practical communities stomach secluded individuals to converse in a manner that protects them from the social prospect and sanctions linked with physically distinct communities (Turtle 1995). Virtual societies are unified and significant social aggregations that permit people to take on in adequate relations to form personal and group relations (Rheingold 1993). Global media represents Hollywood that spins around the analysis of Hollywoods division of labor, what the authors call the New International Division of Cultural Labor (NICL).This division of labor is certainly international because U. S. film exports have reached $11 bil lion, and Hollywoods proportion of the world market is double what it was in 1990 (Miller et al. , 2001, pp. 4-5). Global sales have become so significant that in 2001 the studios take apart their international offices to run all global distribution from their headquarters. The authors argue that Hollywoods command of the NICL distinguishes Hollywood from other industries that are increasingly globalizing. The entire book focuses on answering this questionIs Hollywood really giving the people of the world what they want, or does it operate via a brutal form of monopoly-capitalist business practice? (p. 15). Global Hollywood maintains that Hollywoods global authority is due to the clout of its allocation, legal, and sparing structures, as opposed to a faction of advantages resultant from the diversity of its domestic audience and its narrative transparency. As this argument has been frequently made by proponents of the cultural imperialism thesis, Miller and his colleagues take a insolent approach that focuses on what they call occasionality (p.13), which is defined as the specific uptake of a school text by a society (p. 177). Amongst other innovations, the authors focus on the role of audience, and on the idea of rights, while bringing the significant issue of cultural hybridist to political economic analysis. In the short space of twenty five years somewhat which started as US defense inventiveness has developed into the major intercourses means for the academic and investigates community and most newly has protract into a main business tool for the marketable sector.The Internet has developed throughout this period from being a vigorous and actual way of exchanging information to offering a delivery means for immense amounts of multimedia information to a global audience. While individuals began to use the global media for worldwide communication, its profound effect on how we treat information transfer, organization, and development could not ha ve been anticipated. Internet communication applications permit rapid and simple copy, revision, and transfer of information in textual, visual, and auditive forms.Though the assortments of participants who access it do not all the time agree on whether information must be cosseted or shared, the majority of the Internet community uses, copies, and transfers the information there without restraint. The Internet is a medium for activating ideological consideration World Wide Web (Web) documents holding multiple links to divers(a) authors sites as well as e-mail posts restraining various writers materials reify the theory that knowledge is raised from numerous sources.But commercial units that use the Internet to rear products and spend in the materials that they load to the Web desire to keep their digitized materials from copy, revision, and transfer. The corporal operation of the Internet forms a forum where oppositional views concerning control of information collide. The extrem e disposition of the Internet supports a clash amidst the constructionist ideology that symbolizes the academic gentlemans gentlemanist community and the Romantic beliefs that symbolizes traditional legal community.This junction amongst humanistic studies, the adroit blank space virtue, and the Internet, joined with their attendant communities, engenders conflicts in thought and exploit and offers a generous basis from which to investigate intellectual keeping and information control. Though participants in humanist, legal, and global media communities retain varied ideological beliefs and goals, their common interests meet in forming and treating communicative terms, whether textual, digital, or auditory.More significant, these communities of participants, communally, through socially raised ideologies, contribute in creating approaches toward authorship, possession, and property, and eventually, in generating the power to form and manage knowledge. The dealings amongst thes e areas can be viewed practically and hypothetically. Globalization, therefore, can tell us diverse stories of the nation state, developing it are relationally and challenged inner and external boundaries. at that place would be few people concerned in globalization who would, as Green (1997157) counts to propose, believe that the nation state was disappearing, even if its taken-for-granted status comes to be issued and attempts at self-reproduction become increasingly transparent. The spatial-temporal location of the nation-state is itself brought to the fore by globalization. Globalization is frequently taken to have a maven course or logic that results in an augmented uniformity transversely the globe.However, despite the influential effects of international capital and international media corporations, this is not sustainable and is not the stance adopted here. To presume that globalization is about, or results in, homogenization is to abridge the processes at work and, in a se nse, to distance oneself from the very abstruse effects on space, place and uniqueness that globalizing processes bring to the fore. As Giddens (1990) among others suggests, as globalization has resulted in the spread of Western institutions across the globe, that very drift produces a pressure for local independence and identity.In other words, globalization is concerning examining places as concurrently traversed by the global and local in ways that have been beef up by the modern compression of space and time. Thus, alongside the global accessibility of satellite television, McDonalds and Arnold Schwarznegger films, there is the confirmation of, for instance, local, regional and ethnic identities. Certainly, some multinational companies have overtly adopted strategies of globalization, expanding their influence around the globe, as situating themselves and their products and services in spite of appearance the local conditions.These might be a response to global influences, b ut they are however part of globalization and not a refutation of it. What this suggests is that in modern times the local is as much a condition for globalization as the global space and place are negotiated by the global-local nexus of globalizes space-time compressions. Time-space distanciation, disembedding, and reflexivity mean that composite relationships develop amidst local activities and communication across distances (Waters 199550).The assimilation of the globe reconfigures rather than supersedes diversity. Globalization does not essentially imply homogenization or integration. Globalization simply implies greater connectedness and de-territorialisation (Waters 1995136). This problematisation argues that a particular Eurocentric culture can no longer be measured an authentic, self-evident and true universal culture in which all the worlds people ought to believe (Lemert 199722)a position which of course itself would not command universal acquiesce.The cultural renaissanc e resultant from decolonisation is the new face of autonomy in international law. Old definitions of freedom focusing on ethnic separation and tight territorial boundaries are worthy ever more outdated. The most interesting and pioneering ideas concerning self-determination are presently being developed by natural peoples. Theoretical discussions of prejudice, identity, individuality and universalism might seem remote and incoherent from harsh realities. But these debates do reveal why human rights themselves can spell awful trouble for original peoples.The effects of human rights, intellectual property, transformation and self-determination based on evidently universal ideas of individuality and nationality can consequence in the death of indigenous communities. This is not a current phenomenon. It is the experience of colonization for too many people. And yet, international human rights discourse can also give a mechanism for anti-colonial struggles and the protection of indig enous rights, as the UN Working Group on Indigenous Populations would certainly support.Nowhere is the inconsistency of human rights, culture and individualism as explicit as it is with the rights of indigenous peoples. Moreover, the practical view offers questions and answers to the nuts and bolts of each day treatment of intellectual property power issues. Though interpretive in nature, the practical deportment is rule-based, touch in issues concerning the assortment of original works noted under the law and formative infringement of secure.An extensive variety of individuals use and produce copyrighted materials in their daily work, often ignorant of the consequences of their actions for probable infringement of the work of others or infringement by others of their own work. Engineers, technical communicators, computer scientists, architects, scientists, and educators, among others who characterizes our diverse national workforce, use and turn out intellectual products such as manual, applications, progress reports, yearly reports, analytical reports, and other technical documents.They as well form non-textual informational materials such as photographs and hand drawn fine art, software, videos, and multimedia products. Additionally, numerous creators acquire information through the global media, together with digital communications such as e-mail and information blocks, as well as graphics, video clips, and sound bytes. Workplace inventors might not be conscious of the special category of law that restrains the rights in the work they turn out. Equally agency laws and the work for hire set of guidelines, which falls under copyright law, state writers rights to their work and treat questions explicit to employees.Educators, particularly, are cladding ever more intricate questions concerning forming and using materials for teaching. besides creating workplace products, educators also develop materials for classes in the forms of instructor package that comprise works copied from anthologies and journals, handouts, tests, and instructional transparencies or websites that might be derived from sources formed by other instructors or authors in their fields. The legal argument over what is considered infringement in using these course packets is massive. Instructors might also covet to use materials acquired from the global media.The customary treatment of global media sources as free use forms fussy questions concerning what constitutes infringement in the digital ground. There is also enduring debate over the capability of a browser merely to access a World Wide Web site impeccant of infringement. Several legal analysts indicate that the National Information bases White Paper comprises language that, if construed closely, would forbid admittance to intellectual property on the Internet although the same intellectual property would be available if it were in the shape of print media.For instance, a stringent description of the Nat ional Information Infrastructures (NII) White Paper would forbid the mere act of opening a file and reading it on the Internet as the act of producing text in digitized form needs making a copy of the original work. Though the White Paper was formed in 1996, its protectionist stance echoed in legislative development of copyright protection, wherein the No electronic Theft Act (1998) criminalizes copyright violation and the Sonny Bono Copyright Extension Act (1999) expands copyright protection for a further twenty years.In light of the more and more preventive treatment of copyrighted materials, instructors might be confused over whether they can steel non-infringing uses of World Wide Web materials for classroom uses at all (Strong, William S. 1990). Increasingly, numerous instructors inquire students to copy and develop sources procured from the Internet, such as interactions from UseNet News, Internet Relay Chat, and MOOs, and graphics or text files that they can download from th e World Wide Web.Though fair use does not converse directly to questions concerning the Internet, it still controls questions of infringement within educational settings. Courts should instigate to apply fair use to issues that are convoluted by use of technology to give new instruction, but until then, prospective litigants aspect for answers to complex legal questions must gain a clear considerate of existing law as the best means to recognize its possible interpretation in cases treating issues concerning the Internet. We can say that with the increasing use of internet the issue of Copyright infringement is also become very common.Infringement is a violate of the rights of a copyright holder by copying, performing, publishing, displaying, or creating a copied work from an demonstration protected under copyright (Strong, William S. 1990). Infringement can take the form of a photocopy, scanned digitization, or other mechanically formed copy, but it can as well take place in vid eotape, audiotape, performance, or exhibit of a copyrighted work. Providing evidence infringement is at times a complex process, needing that the belligerent party first found a right to control the copyright of the work, then that he or she proves that the work has been infringed.Infringement is further hard to prove while the accused infringer has distorted the work to such a story that it is hard to sustain the considerable similarity argument and while the initiative and the expression are so wholly merged that use of the idea, which is obtainable in public domain, is corresponding to use of the expression. A more widespread defense aligned a claim of infringement however, is the scenes a faire principle, which argues that general means of expression of ideas cannot be infringement of anothers work.A typical example is the formal report format used in technical documents. In this case, the means of expression has turn so widespread to the business worlds cultural scaffold of un derstanding that its use summons connotative expression itself, much similar to a classification of technical report. Copyright infringement elevates legal issues for Internet service providers as well as other global media caught up in network management. The law emerges to be moving away from strict accountability toward a new typical of actual knowledge (Packard, 1998).In the digital Millennium Copyright Act, ISPs are not legally responsible for copyright infringement if the bringer does not have definite knowledge that the material or an exercise using the material on the system or network is infringing (Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code, aeronaut 92 Pub. L. 105 304, Sec. 512 c). Though, upon attaining such knowledge or wakefulness, the provider should act expeditiously to eliminate, or hinder access to, the material.This stipulation has free-expression insinuations. Copyright law is a moderately re cent phenomenon based on the supposition that inspired intellectual property desires to be protected and rewarded (Packard, 1998). By distinguishing that online services cannot scrutinize their means for infringing material and function professionally, Congress has given them a green light to expand to their full prospective (p. 37). The copyright extension for elite ownership for 95 years, up from twenty- octad years in the original 1790 law, has been dared in court by Eldritch Press.Under the new law, the publisher would be requisite to negociate work that has been in the public domain under the preceding limit of seventy-five years. The global media and its technologies have offered fertile view for the creation of new communication technologies. Inventors functioning on such troubles as digital compression as well as network data-transfer speeds need patent protection to be opened to expand new products. Information technology has also taken a diversity of patent suits as in ventors extend the new industry.Lucent Technologies, for example, sued Cisco Systems and indicted it of infringing eight digital networking patents. Cisco then charged that Lucent violated three of its patents. Lucent holds thousands of patents on former Bell Lab and AT&T interrogation operations, and analysts feared that the aggressive action by Lucent was threatening to smaller high-tech companies. Computer-chip giant Intel called a patent infringement action by TechSearch a disgust lawsuit (Packard, 1998). As technology continues to become more multifaceted and consistent, patent disputes are probable to propagate.Generally, most patent cases do not have a substantive collision on free expression. Thus the main features of the global media political science are linked to infringement and intellectual property concerns. The strategy for these aspects of the substantiation is the principle that the costs of Internet-related infrastructural development shall be borne mainly by th e private sector and the standard those governments shall entrust themselves to economic liberalization, privatization, and regulatory programs dependable with this and other regime principles.As the utmost basis of legal conflict is that between authors and users rights, the most significant policy issue is cared for specifically in the Constitutions intellectual property stipulation. The goal of the copyright act is to make sure free speech and the progression of knowledge through our legitimate protection of the right to send information. The unique constitutional provisions designate the intent to make sure the expansion of knowledge in civilization based in a congressional grant to authors of a partial monopoly of rights in their worksThe fair use stipulation makes clear that the key goal of the statute is to support learning. These changes notwithstanding, the divergence between authors rights and the goal to encourage knowledge, inner to the copyright debate since its settin g up, continues. Sadly, the public policy issue is frequently ignored in respect to concerns over economic interests. The everyday application of law essentially focuses on treating conflict between individuals. Lawyers are trained specially to congregate the needs of the legal system and are inexpensively supported by their work in this area.However the policy issues following the statute are really most significant to us as educators and to our society as a whole because those who manage the development of knowledge in a culture eventually establish who we are as a people. Philosophy and the goals that convoy it drive our view of policy issues. Thought determines how we view authorship, possession, and property and eventually affects not only how intellectual property law is veto but how information and communication that are inner to the dialogic processes within the nation are proscribed, as well as decisive who controls them.An assessment of ideological choices in request to i ntellectual property thus renders significant understanding of the probable effect of the law on our cultural future. Gaining a considerate of intellectual property issues is inner to understanding our rights as users and producers of knowledge. The actions we acquire to influence egalitarian access to information can have enduring ramifications for society, as authorship makes control, control generates authority, and authority generates power.We must take every step needed to ensure that the controlling voices of the few but authoritative are reasonable by the yet-unheard voices of the weaker multitudes. Reference Baym N. K. 1995. The payoff of community in computer-mediated communication. In S. G. Jones, ed. , CyberSociety Computer-Mediated Communication and Community. Thousand Oaks, Calif. Sage Publications, pp. 13863. Buck K. 1996. Community organizing and the Internet. Neighborhood Works, 19, 2, p. 2.Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code, Circular 92 Pub. L. 105 304, Sec. 512 c Gates B. 1995. The Road Ahead. New York Viking Giddens, A. (1990) The Consequences of Modernity, Cambridge Polity Press. Green, A. (1997) Education, Globalisation and the Nation State, London Macmillan. http// entanglement. washingtonwatchdog. org/rtk/documents/cong_hearings/senate/107/senatehearing107_77094. html http//www/stephenking. com Laikwan Pangs 2005 article Copying Kill Bill social Text, No.83, 133-153. London Times, June 17, 1996. Packard A. (1998). Infringement or impingement Carving out an actual knowledge defense for sysops facing strict liability, Journalism & Mass Communication Monographs, no. 168 (December). Ratan S. 1995. Time (spring)25-26. Rheingold H. 1993. The Virtual Community Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier. Reading, Mass. Addison-Wesley. Strong, William S. The Copyright Book A Practical Guide. Cambridge MIT P, 1990. Toby Miller et. al, 2001 Hollywoods Global Rights in Toby Miller et. al. , Global

Evs project information and topics

attainable ways to reduce river pollution. Use of public transport for reducing purchase of fuel. How to reduce use of electrical energy? Awareness in students about dangers of tobacco consumption. Hawkers along the streets Problem or convenience? Flood hold up measures on bank of river Mitch. Select any one musical theme from part A Project track is to be written on both the sides of two ruled sheets (AY size paper). Write- a)Tied of project b)illumination / fib c)Observation d) Advantages e)Recommendations Part B daybook 1 (Topics) VI. Recycling of treated sewage.Chip movement. Save the silent valley movement. egress of agriculture on area of natural CEO-systems (grass/ land forest). Importance of green surroundings in hearty being of people. All species have their own right to live life. Composition / vermin composition organic waste at home. Change in the onset of flowering of tree in different seasons oer last decade. Part C Journal 2 (Topics) Future of nuclear power pro jects in India. ethyl ether Dam project campaign. Plastic waste Its effects on environment. Effect of fish harvesting on diversity of fish locality.The factors affecting cost of farming. Use of integrated pest management techniques. Different move / mechanisms to reduce electricity consumption. Ministry of environment and forest. All topics are compulsory in journal 1 and Journal 2 Each topic must be hand-written on ruled AY size paper (on both sides of paper) Use one AY size paper for each topic Write title of each topic Index page, Project-Report, Journal 1 & Journal 2 must be stapled together and cover it with embrown paper of same size Write Students name, Class, Stream, Division, Roll No.

Ethical Issues in Health Care Finance Essay

The motif of honest issues in every industry is usually interesting because it attracts a significant number of scholars and professionals to argue. This emergence becomes even more interesting when it comes to wellness c ar support. Ethical issues in health help financial backing begin, when defining human health. Human health is a basic fatality (Maharaj and Paul, 2011). It does non matter what figure of health challenges a person has and whether a person is in a developed country or not. The issue with human health is that, all humans require health appropriate treatment when they need it. However, the health get by system seems insatiable when it comes to financing. Health care financing source from an individual occurs at the at the point of delivery otherwise known as fees for services does not seem to catch a significant impact in the required health care financing (Hurley, 2001). It is important to cast off individuals as entities that founder for healthcare out of financing the health care industry and concentrate on the government, private agencies such as indemnifications and donors. The ethical issues in health care financing questions whether the major health care financiers the government and insurance companies can justify paying for treatment for all human in the country.The argument with health care financing is that governments can pay for high checkup technology knowledge in terms of complicated medical equipments and naked treatment technologies. It is important to understand that although advanced medical development are in place, there is an issue as to whether individual patients lead the able to sacrifice treatment using this advanced technology (Maharaj and Paul, 2011). If individual patients will not afford to use new treatment technologies, then it will be likely that the new advancement in medical technologies are a direct preserves of those with an upper economic advantage. This is contrary to the equity required in the health care system because health is basic need and therefore should be available for all. High comprise of medical technologicaltreatment and a few populations who cannot individually afford for this treatment are not the only issues that raise medical treatment. The insurance industry is the greatest player in the health care industry.The insurance industry provides medical policies for every eligible citizen. While the insurance arrangement for healthcare financing is justified through the assumption that country men and women are participating in sharing speak to in paying up hospital bills. However, there is a crisis with the health insurance, which has raised significant ethical issues. This issues range from existence of different eccentric persons of policies for different people and the issues that, the insurance company rather than the doctor determines the type of treatment the patient will get because of different categorized policies. Another incidence of ine quality sets in even in with the insurance. Just like individual patient might not afford to pay high tech medical treatment at the point of delivery, the same is happening in the insurance industry because insurances now require different policies for different individual (Maharaj and Paul, 2011).These different policies characterize people accord to their risk such that, people of high risk pay more premiums that people of low risk. If this form _or_ system of government categorization is justified then there will be a new inequality that will set in. This inequality will arise from those who pay for high premiums and might never have to go to hospital unless an accident occurs. Health care financing will seem to be a huge term debate bombarded with ethical issues that take long to solve. These ethical dilemma although exist to offer gear up solutions in healthcare financing, the whole issue boils down to whether the current happening in the health care industry offers benefic ence, non-maleficence, autonomy and justice.ReferenceMaharaj, S.R. and Paul, TJ. (2011). Ethical Issues in Healthcare Financing. West Indian Medical Journal. 60. (4) 31-44 Hurley, J. (2001). Ethics, economics, and worldly concern financing of health care. Journal of Medical Ethics. 27. (4) 234-239.

The Acquisition And Integration Of Zanussi

The acquisition of different companies al counsels indicates a multifariousness for some(prenominal) the acquiring and the acquired makeup and the commonwealth within. To successfully combine and integrate Elektrolux and Zanussi it is essential to consider both schemes conventional and informal structures which be heavily influenced by their culture. Culture develops on the wholeness and only(a) hand nationwide alone also specifically in an organisation.Building up self-reliance is grievous to develop a working informal network, which supports the formal structure. frankincense positive influence is taken on the selected doings of people within what Breton and Wintrobe call bureaucracies. This behavior is characteristically competitive, especially in such times of study change.This change should be managed step-by-step and is expound by Quinn as logical incrementalism. It builds the seeds of understanding, identity, and commitment into the very processes (Quinn, p145 ) and is the underlying scheme which makes integration successful.After Elektrolux de none the acquisition of Zanussi, both organisations and people within were confronted with many changes which created tensions or misfits that called for new visions.(Normann in Quinn, p99)As a first step, delegation values and guiding principles of Zanussi were made public to the employees in the Mission Statement.(Exhibit 3 in nerve Study, p914) From the bottom-up they should understand step-by-step in a learning process (Normann in Quinn, p99) what behaviour was mostly expected and correct. Bennis and others (in Quinn, p101) also agree that programs to achieve significant change must be phased and mostly undertaken bottom up, but the legitimacy of alternatives must be affirmed by the support of key people at the top side. Besides the new Mission Statement, education and training programmes were undertaken to diffuse the new philosophy and policy.Thus the rules for expression up an effecti ve network are made visible. This network supports the formal structure. Breton and Wintrobe also direct that relationships between superiors and subordinates in bureaus are generally goerned by exchange and trade and not by the with child(p) of orders and directives.Exchange can only take place, if property rights are existing and are supported by give (Breton and Wintrobe, p4)Trust is essential for the functioning of networks and has to be built up incrementally.One effective way of building up trust is by making symbolic moves (q,111). In addition to this, the most valuable changes are often those which signal a change in attitude at the top of an organisation. (Riccardo and Cafiero in Quinn, p112). Elektrolux made extensive use of these symbolic moves.One was that Elektrolux took over several prior commitments of Zanussi, although they were considered as harmful for the joint dodging (Case, p900).Right after signing the final agreement, the complete Zanussi top-management was released. Replacing only one senior manager below the top-management, Elektroluxs purpose was to give a clear signal of the compulsion to change working practices.To top these changes, Mr. Rossignolo was seen as the perfect change agent, because he is Italian and tell aparts the Swedish organisation culture. But he also had to build up trust with the Italians, who considered him closer to Sweden than Italy. In respond to this attitude, an outer consultant was brought in. As Mr. Estes says, you dont rise to ram your conclusions down peoples throats. You try to persuade people what has to be done and provide confidence and leadership for them.(Quinn, p136) By this Mr. Rossignolo slump a sign that he does not want to take one partys side, but that he is neutral and because he increased the Italians trust in his person.According to the mission statement, Elektrolux central value is transparency, or openness. To integrate this in Zanussis culture was one of the major tasks the Swedish had to achieve. Conflicts were part of the Italians daily life. Seniority and loyalty to individuals were seen as more grievous than competence or commitment to the company. They were also not convinced of need for change and thought fiscal problems were due to former owners mistakes.The Italians feared loosing their occasion not only to another company, but even worse to one from a foreign culture. In rejoinder to this attitude, Hans Werthen set a sign to the Italians when he said We are not buying companies in order to close them down, but to turn them into profitable ventures and we are not Vikings, who were Norwegians, anyway. (Case, p901) Impressively, he demonstrated that openness is a practical part of the new culture.With the same openness, Elektrolux gained the trust of the important Unions, who soak up a high influence in the Italian organisation culture. Without the approval of the Unions, it would have been elusive to take over Zanussi.Openness is a general Elektrolux attitude, but as Quinn follows, there are vocalize political or informational reasons for not announcing a strategy in its full pristine glory at this early stage. Although not very glorious for the workers, it can be assumed that Elektrolux knew very well that they would have to make redundancies, because no acquisition can be made without. But as effective change managers they recognised the impact their incremental decisions and action patterns have on credibility and tried to keep in disposition the symbolic implications each individual act had. (Quinn, p118)Elektrolux solved the central problem of redundancies incrementally. Their plan was to gain the trust of the Unions by promising not to make any redundancies to successfully acquire Zanussi without opposition of the Unions. Having one founding in the door, they could start making redundancies step-by-step. They took into account that their credibility would suffer negatively proportional to announced redunda ncies. Although this strategy was accompanied by some strikes and heavy re-negotiations, they still had reached their goal, which was to acquire Zanussi.Although the problems with the Unions had negative impact on Elektrolux reputation, generally it can be said that they effectively communicated their openness and in turn gained trust by the unions and the Italians.Therefore, building up trust is essential when integrating the two companies.Breton and Wintrobe suggest that selective behaviour (p6) is next to trust a second issue in organisational bureaucracy. The subordinates chose from a range of behaviour which reaches from unendingly inefficient to always efficient. Therefore, selective behaviour is the outcome of a trading process, where the outcome is determined by the price offered by superiors for efficient informal services.As example for this serve the front-line managers and professional employees of Zanussi, which fully approved the change in the organisation and demande d a higher degree of involvement. They were rewarded with a special training programme.Building team ups and task forces, positively influenced the selected behaviour of the people within the new organisation in several ways and helped to integrate both cultures.As one CEO (in Quinn, p139) said If good people share the same values, they exit instinctively act together. We must know how people will respond intuitively when they are thousands of miles away. If we communicate openly, our actions will be sensible and cohesive. As Leif Johannsson describes, they were able to encounter a completely new way of sentiment which emerged from the discussions and recommendations of the task forces (Case, p908)The Italians welcomed the exchanges, and have learnt a lot from them. (Case, p911)And as the change agent Rossignolo said We adopted the Swedish work moral principle. (Case, p 907).The selection of key people was clearly the most important single ingredient (Quinn, p138) and furth ermore, the power interactions among key players is important. Each player has a different direct of formal authority, referent power, information reign over and personal credibility. Quinn describes the process of partial consensus (Q132) which is achieved first within groups and then introduced into organisation.Therefore and according to the Swedish style, the top management of Zanussi was replaced and put together into teams with the Swedish top managers. It was important to build first at this level a mutual understanding, later also on other levels.With the formal meetings, the managers from both cultures were forced to communicate systematically. Later they brought lower level executives into strategic processes on a more comprehensive basis. (Quinn, p140) This was in response to the increasing demand of the line people to get involved, and also to make them know how we are mean to get where we are going. (General Motors executive in Quinn, p140).Looking more specific at t he strategy in selecting the key personnel and the distribution of power in the organisation leads to what Breton and Wintrobe call the bureaucratic competition (p8). They describe competition within and between bureaus and also for network ties as characteristically for organisations.As example for the vox populi of competition serves the problem which arouse with the snapper management.According to the Swedish acquisition style, the top management is replaced, but the middle management kept. Zanussis acquisition strategy is exactly the opposite.Being accustomed to an authoritarian style, the Italians had to adopt Elektrolux democratic and decentralised decision making policy. The lower management appreciated the new possibilities of promotion and therefore demanded higher involvement. They are like the top-management at the end of the organisational hierarchy and can only gain influence. The top-management, of course to their competition for control, appreciated that they had n ot a single Swedish manager imposed on top. Whereas the middle management feared the loss of control over their subordinates and property rights.To trigger the competition in the middle management, Elektrolux establish direct communication between the top managers and the front-line managers, by-passing the middle management when necessary. Plus, they launched the special training programmes for them. Again, they wanted to set a signal and to stimulate the middle managers competition for membership in networks. At the end of the Case Study (p 911), a senior manager of Zanussi was concerned, that the middle management may be more bureaucratic and less open and that they must develop bridges at the middle and he frankly does not know how easy or difficult that may be.The middle managers felt threatened by the change and the by-passing oblige this feeling. It is difficult to build up trust in such a position.Therefore to avoid undercutting negociate managers, such bypassing must be limited to information gathering, with no implication that orders or approvals are assumption directly to lower levels. Line managers are less tempted to screen information when they know bypass bring are operating. (Q, p106) As described in the case and mentioned before, lower levels are also stimulated by the possibility that they may be able to talk to the very top (Q, p106), which can be seen as positive integration effect of the by-passing strategy.As second example, the longstanding competition between Elektolux and Zanussi in the gross sales and marketing division conjured several integration problems in the common organisation. Both sides were unsatisfied with the new strategy in this sector which attacked the power position of the managers. It can be argued that the change of power structure was to pronto and normally major strategic changes tended to take many years to accomplish.. (Q, p133) Psychological commitment of and control over the sales and management depart ments were not advanced enough to integrate the strategy.There are too many unknowables in the total environment for managers to program or control (Quinn, p121) To respond to such unforeseen issues, which can elevate internally or externally, the firm has to remain flexible. (according to Quinn, p122).Elektrolux responded to the question of flexibility with a small corportate headquarter, decentralised subsidiaries, hardly a(prenominal) hierarchy levels and task forces. As there is no standard method for treating acquisitions (Case, p896) it allows Elektrolux to respond to the individual lot in Zanussi very effectively.As conclusion can be said, that the successful integration of the Swedish and Italian cultures has to be undertaken incrementally. Trust and openess are the key for gaining a mutual understanding and commitment to the joint company. With team working, symbolic actions and extensive communication it is possible to integrate not only the organisations but also the i ndividuals. completely this helps to build up a network, which supports the formal structure. Mr. Rossignolos statement that the Italians adopted the Swedish work ethic (Case, p907) is similar to Leif Johanssons, who said that the Swedish adopted a completely new way of thinking. (Case, p908) and shows that the merger of Elektrolux and Zanussi was in respect of culture and exchange successfully.

127 Hours Film Review Essay

His pain, his desire to be free and his despondency was shared with the viewers in such a way that its somehow disturbing. His delusions were able to choke the minds of those who watched the movie, particularly myself. In the technical aspect, it used natsot or the natural sound in most of the scenes. mob Franco played Aron, an engineer who likes or rather whose hobby is to climb and hike on mountains. He is the ace and at the same time, the victim in the film. The antagonist here is the situation itself. It is the reason why he is in such troublesome circumstance which wont allow him to be free.If not for his aim to live, he would not accommodate it out alive though the process is excruciating and gruesome at some point. What strikes me the most in this film is that the director managed to make the film worth watching in 1 and a half hour with only one setting or location and way on one character only. Not many films can pull something like this. In regards to the content, it showed that in order to survive, you have to sacrifice something and do unimaginable things. This surprised me because it was not normal and people weart do those kind of things.With James Francos acting, it made the movie a sure tear and suitable to be awarded in Oscars which it really did. The content fulfilled the expectations of the eyes, mind and soul of the movie goers. If I were the film maker, the ending would have been a sad one since Im a yellowish brown of tragic endings. But if I do that, it will disappoint the viewers so I would make it a little less tragic. The end would be that Aron, after decapitating his arm, would not find any reference book of water which will make him more tired and more desperate in search of water.His dogged walks will continue until he finds himself in the middle of nowhere. Slowly, his body begins to collapse. He can no long-dated see straight due to the loss of blood. He then looks at the sky, the sun raised high, camera focused on h is face. Until then, he will encounter other hikers whom will help him. At that time, he will close his eyes slowly, leaving the audience thinking whether he survived that day. Before credits roll, his look-alike with his family after the incident will be shown, revealing that he did survived.

The Contribution of Processual and Emergent Perspectives to Strategic Change

variegate is ubiquitous. Organisational heighten has become synonymous with managerial proceedingiveness since the 1980s (Burnes, 1996 Wilson, 1992). However, north Ameri bear lick everywhere the quest for commitment, efficiency and improved performance, appears to have fallen back upon largely Tayloristic concepts of guidance, with the result that organisational interchange is astray perceived to be controllable by new-fangled management, with organisations themselves instrumental in their in their hands (Collins, 1997).However, this scientific entree appears to have diffused with scant regard to contextual variables that may serve to modify and constrain contemporaneous managerial rhetoric for change (Hatch, 1997). One persuasion that attempts to refocus the surround on wider issues has come to be known as the processual or emergent attack to organisational change (Collins, 1997), and it is this perspective that this paper seeks to evaluateYou can read withal Waves First, the inevitability of change is briefly considered as the time frame selected for organisational digest melt downs to tell the substance of investigation. This leads into a critique of planned change under the umbrella of strategical election, with its core assumptions establish upon managerial hegemony. This approach is then contrasted with the processual and emergent perspectives that seek to widen management appreciation to allow in factors beyond the organisation and its immediate surrounds. The implications of the appargonnt divergence between theory and practice are briefly adumbrate before concluding that the subjectivist paradigm of the processual/emergent approach is opera hat seen as a modification to theories of strategic choice, which may add to effective managerial practice in the future. This argument is qualified by the privation to bind such a modification by a fundamental change in modern managerial education.The Inevitability of ChangeChange exudes impermanentity. While it may be a truism that in both field of activity, all periods may be characterised by change and continuity, the time frame selected will tend to broad(prenominal)light change or continuity (Blyton and Turnbull, 1998). For example, a focus upon organisational change during the last two-decades may break out a period of rapid change. However, a perspective encompassing the last two hundred geezerhood may indicate a basic continuity in the capitalist social mode of exertion (ibid). Consequently, differentiating between whether organisational change should be analysed from the perspective of a strict chronology of clock or linear time, with its associated nonions of relentless progress, grooming and implementation, or whether changed is viewed from the perspective of a processual analysis oer tracts of time, has given rise to a vigorous contention on how change should be understood as it applies to complex business organisations (Wilson, 1992).Two paradi gms dominate the analysis of organisational change. On the one hand, a positivist view holds that change is objectively measurable, and and then controllable, embracing nonions of rationality, temporal linearity and sequence change is an outcome of metrical action by change agents (Hatch, 1997 Kepner and Tregoe, 1986). On the opposite hand, a subjectivist view holds that change is dependent upon the temporal context of the wider social system in which it occurs and is indeed a social construction while organisations define and attempt to manage their change processes, outcomes are not necessarily the result of the top-down cascade advocated by the planned approach (Pettigrew, 1985). Consequently, as a auspicate of departure, planned organisational change shall be discussed before moving on to examine the emergent approach as a challenge to the rational model.The Planned PerspectiveContemporary US and UK managerial ideology may be identified as an outcome of, and a contributo r to, neo-liberalist voluntarism (Dunlop, 1993). This ideology is mobilised with the agency of management to protect capitals interests above all others. Consequently, management and managers come to be considered a social elite through their exercise of god-like control over a logical and rational process of adaptation, change and ever-improving performance. The organisation is therefrom instrumental in the hands of management (Collins, 1997 Daft, 1998 Hatch, 1997 Kepner and Tregow, 1986).Generally referred to as strategic choice, the planned approach, according to Wilson (199222) is constructed upon the undermentioned theories of organisation1 Organisational Development (OD) and Behavioural Modification (BM)2 Planned incrementalism3 The enterprise culture, best practice and gurus as change agents.These perspectives have all in common the place of humans agency, whereby, human decisions make an important difference a voluntarism in which human courage and determination count ( Gouldner 1980, cited in Wilson, 199225).OD and BM ( unopen system) approaches emanate from the field of psychology, positing that organisational change is implemented by management through changing the behaviour of individuals. OD aims to foster consensus and participation on the basis that management attributes resistance to change to poor social relations (Wilson, 1992). BM is a systematic approach to the conditioning of managerially defined appropriate behaviour, based upon Skinnerian mental theories of learning (reward and punishment) and motivation (ibid).Both approaches are based on the assumptions that managers are capable of identifying internal barriers to change, determine appropriate behaviours, and designing and implementing programmes to achieve desired outcomes. Consequently, there is a plethora of frameworks, recipes and how to packages aimed at managerial audiences (Collins, 1997)A central feature of many of these packages is Lewins (1951) force field framework, w hich proposes that change is characterised as a state of imbalance between forces for change and pressures against change. It is suggested that managers are capable of adjusting the equilibrium state of zero-change, by selectively removing or modifying specific forces in the required direction (Senior, 1997). Implicit is the normative character of planned change managers should know the various forces as they apply to their own particular situation, and should understand and possess the means to exert influence over them. It follows that, ceteris parebus, without deliberate managerial action, change, at worst is un credibly to occur and, at best, is unlikely to realise desired outcomes without the hitch of chance (Collins, 1997).Planned incrementalism argues that change is constant and evolutionary and should be planned in small move based on an orderly adjustment to information flowing in from the operate environment (Quinn 1980, cited in Senior, 1997). This approach is related to contingency theory. The argument runs that the most effective government agency to organise is contingent upon conditions of complexity and change in the environment. then, the organisation should achieve congruence with its market environment and managers should support their strategies with appropriate constructions and processes to set up the likelihood of success (ibid).Turning to the final ingredients, Wilson (199237) argues that enterprise culture, best practice and management gurus are different faces of the resembling ideology. Enterprise culture denotes best practice and grows from a particular interpretation of management theory. This interpretation shapes the role of external consultants and thus determines who are the gurus the ideology becomes self-supporting. Thus the ideology of strategic choice is mobilised in support of managerial ideology to be successful in a free market system (entrepreneurial), firms should be modelled by managers upon best practice (c urrently, from the US and Japan), should adopt flexible specialisation and decentralised structures, and should seek to realize organisational cultures congruent with managers own. The successful manager comes to be defined as a change master (Kanter, 1993 see Peters and Waterman, 1982).The Emergent, Processual PerspectiveA common critique of the planned perspective is that the ability of management to rationally plan and implement organisational change ignores the influence of wider, more deterministic forces outside the realms of strategic choice (Wilson, 1992). Largely in opposition to this perspective and generally referred to as systemic conflict, the emergent approach, according to Wilson (ibid22) is constructed upon the following theories of organisation1 Contextualism2 state ecology3 Life one shots4 Power and politics5 Social action.While also tending to acknowledge the role of human agency in effecting change, these approaches serve to widen the debate to include the imp act of human interaction at micro and macro levels, thus constraining strategic choice (ibid).Contextualism is based upon an open systems (OS) model which views any organisation as organism an interdependent component of a much larger whole (Pettigrew, 1985). Serving as a direct intellectual challenge to closed system perspectives, fundamental is the notion that no organisation exists in a vacuum. Emery and Trist (1960, cited in Wilson, 1992) argue that OS reveals the following characteristicsEquifinality no one best way of achieving the same outcomesNegative entropy importing operating environment resources to curtail or reverse pictorial decaySteady state relationship perceptual constancy between inputs, throughputs, outputsCycles and patterns cash flows, stock-turns and so on.Thus, OS enables the variances between organisations performances to be explained by external influences, facilitating comparative analysis, the make-up of sectoral norms and the identification of sup ra-normal practices (Wilson, 1992).Population ecology (and perhaps institutional theories) is based upon the Darwinian notion of survival of the fittest (Hatch, 1997). Thus strategic change is aimed at maximising fitness within the general population of organisations, through the identification of market niches and strategies of specialisation, specialism or generalism (Porter, 1980, 1985). Competitive advantage is thus created and sustained through the construction of distinctive and inimitable structures, processes and cultures, eg hard-on high barriers to entry through technological investment, or eliminating threats of product substitution through high R & D investment and thus (desired) innovation (ibid).The life cycle perspective explicitly recognises the temporal nature of organisational change. Though linear in nature (all life cycle theories assume birth, growth, maturity, decline and death as givens), this approach provides insights into the potential internal and extern al conditions (and constraints) that an organisation is likely to encounter during distinct life cycle phases (Greiner, 1972 cited in Senior, 1997). However, this approach suffers from a similar critique to those levied at models of planned change. Cycles are not in fact cycles (suggesting reincarnation). Development is linear and progressive and an organisations location on the cycle is highly subjective.Perhaps the major part of the emergent approach to organisational change, is the highlighting of the role of forefinger and politics in moderating managerial efforts to effect fundamental and sustainable change (Handy, 1986). Essentially, three political models of power reveal that outcomes are incapable of being considered independently of processes and personal stakes.First, overt power is the visible manifestation of localised influence over best-loved processes and outcomes (eg its the way weve always done things around here). Second, covert power is less visible and related to the purpose of information sharing and participation in change processes afforded by organisational sub-groups (eg senior management) to others the phrase inner circle is a common indicator of covert power relations in operation. Finally, third, contextual power suggests that outcomes are talk terms by societal forces and the economic structure of society itself (eg elites, notions of social justice, and so on) (Burrell and Morgan, 1979). Postmodern analysis reveals the influence of discourse, symbol and myth as interchangeable between organisations and societies in the endorsement of preferred solutions.Thus, contextual power may be utilised to shape the wider justification and acceptability for organisational change( eg restructuring for labour stripping reingeering for work intensification partnership for bodied labour coercion TQM for zero-tolerance and panoptican managerial control). Moreover, the contextual power perspective also reveals the hegemony of accounting ideol ogy in neo-liberal systems (itself positivist, reductionist and inextricably linked to Taylorism). Thus serving to expose the influence of elite groups, notably uncommunicative under the strategic choice framework (Wilson, 1992).Finally, social action theories depict organisational culture (OC) as the structure of social action (ibid). The strategic framework choice would hold that OC is a possession of the organisation and is thus capable of manipulation . In contrast, the systemic conflict framework depicts OC is something an organisation is (a contrasting ontological position) and is and then largely beyond managerial influence (Legge, 1995). Nevertheless, strong (integrated) notions of OC are eulogised by the so-called gurus (see Kanter, 1993 Peters and Waterman, 1982), despite receiving severe unfavorable judgment for their weak methodological foundations (See Guest, 1992). The emergent approach appears to be at odds with the strong culture = high performance proposition at the heart of most change programmes its causality is unclear.ImplicationsAs the above discussion illustrates, the management of change appears to hold sway over the analysis of change (Wilson, 1992). This implies that catch has been exchanged for expediency. identify differently, managing change is both a learnable and teachable skill.In view of the short-termism inherent in the US and UK economies, with their shareholder emphasis on maximum financial returns and minimal financial risk (itself a contradiction with the notion of entrepreneur), it is hardly surprising that recipes for success are so eagerly sought after by under pressure managers and eagerly supplied by management gurus with pound-signs in their eyes. Practice appears to be on a divergent way of life from theory (Collins, 1997).Collins (ibid) attributes this apparent divergence to managerial education, which itself (as must any educative process) be viewed as a perpetuation of ideology. With respect to organisati onal change, management education serves to promote the aggrandisement of managers as Canute-like rulers of the waves. Epitomised by the MBA (Master of sod All?) with its roots in north America, such programmes are themselves reductionist and short-term in nature. Thus, students are precluded by time constraints from exposure to the theoretical foundations of change and, consequently, may be discouraged from challenging received wisdom. This is not to assert that hands on skills are unimportant, rather to expose that they lose potency in the absence seizure of the appreciation of the wider context which MBA babble, among a wider range of programmes, serves to suffuse.Conclusion a rejection of Positivism?The investigation of organisational change has not escape the inexorable north American shift towards hypothetico-deductive perspectives of economics and psychology, with their positivist paradigms focused upon atomisation akin to the natural sciences (Cappelli, 1995).From a tempo ral perspective, while organisational change is viewed as inevitable in much the same way as in nature, the time frame selected for analysis tends to dictate the scope and degree of change to be investigated. Short-termism, it appears, is a form of temporal reductionism in the search for objective truth, that is a key factor after part the notion that managers can be trained to manage change through sets of skills that imply mastery over the natural world and therefore, time itself. In this view, planned models of change, rooted in classical theories of management, may be criminate of being an ideological construct of assumed legitimacy and authenticity.On the other hand, a subjectivist systemic tension approach, rejects reductionist tool kits and lays claim to the inclusion of contextual variables at work throughout an organisation, its operating environment and beyond. In this view, while change is clearly not beyond managerial influence, its management is reliant upon wider un derstanding of the interplay of these variables, of which power relations may be prominent, in order to be able to predict the likely outcomes of managerial actions.However, for something to exist it must be capable of theoretical explanation. That practitioners have opted for voluntarist models of strategic change is not surprising given the elitist ideology of modern management to control is to manage short-termism equates to reduced risk and increase control the institutions of Western corporate governance and finance thus have their goals met by such an approach.Yet, this is to change the quintessential qualities of the processual, emergent contribution to organisational change. While not refuting planned change, it perhaps serves to modify it for any change to be understood, explained and sustained, the duality of voluntarism and determinism must be acknowledged and incorporated into the managerial knowledge base. The emergent approach exposes the potential folly of the extre mes of positivism as applied to organisations as social entities, thus throwing open the debate to multi-disciplinary perspectives and enriching the field or organisational change. To be of value, such enrichment must be reflected in managerial education itself.